Hortatory Text

Text exposition adalah sebuah teks yang membahas sebuah isu atau permasalahan dan membahasnya dari satu sudut pandang. Exposition dapat dibagi menjadi 2 jenis, yaitu: analytical dan hortatory. Bila analytical exposition adalah teks exposition yang tidak disertai saran (hanya menyertakan pendapat dan argumen), maka text hortatory exposition adalah text yang disertai saran.


Struktur Teks/Generic structure

• Thesis: Pernyataan isu yang dipersoalkan
• Arguments: berupa alasan mengapa ada keprihatinan, dan mengarah ke rekomendasi
• Recomendation: pernyataan tentang bagaimana seharusnya atau tidak seharusnya

Invitation

                                                                                 Invitations

Expression

Response:   A = Accept, D = Decline

a.      Are you free on (... Friday night)? b.      Would you like to go to ( ... a picnic on Sunday afternoon)? c.       How about going to ( ... the movies with me this Saturday)? d.      I’d like to invite you to ( ... the dance this weekend)? e.       Do you want to go to ( ... the rock concert with me)?

A: Sure, what did you have in mind? D: No, I’m going to my grandmother’s 80th birthday party. A: That would be great, thanks. D: No can do, I have a soccer game. A: That sounds great. What time? D: Sorry, but I’ve already made other plans. A: How kind of you to ask, I’d be delighted. D: I’m sorry, but I have a previous engagement. A: Sure. When?                       D: No thanks, loud concerts give me an earache.

     When friends get together, they usually do so by an invitation from one person to another. An invitation may be very casual, such as asking a friend to go out for a drink or dinner after work or more formal, such as a wedding invitation. More formal invitations are usually written and may require an RSVP (French abbreviation répondez s'il vous plaît  meaning please reply). There are several expressions that can be used when extending the more common and casual oral invitation. Look at the samples below.    

English Dialogue

 Students should work together in pairs and read the following dialogue, one student reading one part, the other student reading the other. Note the expressions used in the dialogue and the progression of the conversation. The dialogue can be used as a model to have similar conversations.

Bob: Alice, what are you doing Sunday afternoon?

Alice: Not much, what did you have in mind?

Bob: The Fourth Avenue Street Fair is going on downtown. Would you like to go?

Alice: Sure, sounds like fun. What is it anyway?

Bob: Just a bunch of vendors selling food, clothes andit’s kind of like a carnival. There are also street musicians and performers. It's interesting to just walk around looking at the people and the sights.

Alice: What time and where do we meet?

Bob: The fair opens at 9:00, but I'm busy in the morning. How about 1:00?

Alice: OK, should I meet you somewhere there?

Bob: Why don't I pick you up at your house?

Alice: Sounds good, see you then.

   After reading, close your book and tell your partner a summary of the dialogue. Then switch and have your partner tell his or her summary. Start like this: This dialogue is about one person inviting another person to...

Conversation Activities

1. Pair work- discussion

     When was the last time you invited someone to someplace or were invited to someplace by someone? Tell your partner about it using some of the ideas for the discussion below. Your partner should ask questions to get more information.

·         where was the invitation to

·         when was the invitation extended

·         what was the occasion of the invitation

·         did you/they accept or decline the invitation

·         if accepted, was it fun

1. Pair work- practice

     The situation:     

     Invite your partner to the activities below. Your partner should accept some of the invitations, but decline others. If they decline, they should offer polite reasons for rejecting the invitation. If they accept the  invitation, both partners should continue the conversation to get more information about the event, such as:

• the day and time
• where they should meet
• how much money it will cost
• what kind of dress is required
• how long the event will last 
• if anything special is needed to participate in the event    

To a natural history museum

To a traditional dance competition

To a tourism object

To a friend's birthday party

To a horror movie

To go window shopping

Lutung Kasarung

LUTUNG KASARUNG

Prabu Tapa Agung had led a kingdom in West Java for a long time. He was getting old and therefore wanted to choose a successor. But unfortunately, he had no son. He thought of choosing one of his daughters, Purbararang and Purbasari. But it wasn’t an easy choice. They were both very pretty and smart. The only difference was their temperament. Purbararang was rude and dishonest, while Purbasari was kind and caring. With those considerations, Prabu Tapa Agung finally chose Purbasari to be his successor.

Purbararang didn’t agree with her father’s decision. “It’s supposed to be me, Father. I’m the eldest daughter!” Purbararang said. Prabu Tapa Agung smiled. “Purbararang, to be a queen takes more than age. There are many other qualities that one must possess,” explained Prabu Tapa Agung wisely. “What does Purbasari have that I don’t?” Purbararang pouted. “You’ll find out when Purbasari has replaced me,” Prabu Tapa Agung answered.

After the discussion, Purbararang went back to her room. “Is there something wrong?” asked Indrajaya. Indrajaya is Purbararang’s future husband. “I’m upset! Father chose Purbasari as his successor and not me! I have to do something!” Purbararang said. Driven mad by her anger, she came to a witch and asked her to send rash all over Purbasari’s body. Before going to bed, Purbasari started to feel itch all over her body. She tried applying powder to her body, but it’s no use. Instead, the itching grew even worse. She didn’t want to scratch it, but she just couldn’t help it. In the next morning, there were scratch mark all over Purbasari’s body. “What happened to you?” asked Purbararang, pretending to be concerned. “I don’t know, sis. Last night, my body suddenly felt very itchy. I scratched and scratched, and this is what happened,” Purbasari answered. Purbararang shook her head. “You must have done something really awful. You’ve been punished by the gods!”

That day, the whole kingdom was scandalized. “What have you done, Purbasari?” demanded Prabu Tapa Agung. Purbasari shook her head. “I didn’t do anything that would upset the gods, Father,” she answered. “Then how can you explain what happened to your body?” Prabu Tapa Agung asked again. “If you don’t confess, I’ll banish you to the woods.” Purbasari took a deep breath. “Like I said before, I didn’t do anything wrong. And I’d rather be thrown into the woods than to confess to a deed I didn’t commit.”

After a short discussion with his advisor, Prabu Tapa Agung ordered Purbasari to be moved to the woods. Purbasari was very sad, but she couldn’t do anything to defy her father’s order. She was accompanied to the woods by a messenger. He built a simple hut for Purbasari. After the messenger left, suddenly a black monkey came to Purbasari’s hut. He carried a bunch of bananas. From behind him, some animals looked on. “Are the bananas for me?’ Purbasari asked. The black monkey nodded, as if he understood what Purbasari said. Purbasari took the bananas with pleasure. She also said thanks. The other animals that were looking on also seemed to smile. “Are you willing to be my friend?” Purbasari asked them. All the animals nodded happily. Although she was living by herself in the woods, Purbasari never lacked of supplies. Everyday, there were always animals bringing her fruits and fish to eat.

A long time had passed since Purbasari was banished to the woods, but her body still itched. At some places, her skin was even ulcerating. What am I supposed to do?” Purbasari sighed. The monkey who was sitting next to her stayed still, there were tears in his eyes. He hoped Purbasari would remain patient and strong.

One night, on a full moon, the monkey took Purbasari to a valley. There is a pond with hot spring water. The monkey suddenly spoke, “The water of this pond will heal your skin,” he said. Purbasari was surprised, ”You can talk? Who are you?” she asked. “You’ll find out, in time,” the monkey said. Purbasari didn’t want to force the monkey. She then walked to the pond. She bathed there. After a few hours, Purbasari walked out of the pond. She was shocked to see her face reflected on the clear pond water. Her face was beautiful again, with smooth and clean skin. Purbasari observed her entire body. There were no traces of any skin ailments. “I’m cured! I’m cured!” Purbasari shouted in joy. She quickly offered thanks to the gods and also to the monkey.

The news of Purbasari’s condition quickly spread to the kingdom, irritating Purbararang. She then accompanied by Indrajaya go to the woods to see Purbasari. Purbasari asked if she would be allowed to go home. Purbararang said she would let Purbasari return to the palace if Purbasari’s hair were longer than hers. Purbararang then let her hair down. It was so long, it almost touched the ground. But it turned out that Purbasari’s hair was twice longer than Purbararang’s hair.

“Fine, so your hair is longer than mine.” Purbararang admitted. “But there is one more condition you must fulfill, do you have a future husband who is handsomer than mine?” said Purbararang as she walked toward Indrajaya. Purbasari felt miserable. She didn’t have a future husband yet. So, without much thought, she pulled the black monkey beside her.

Purbararang and Indrajaya burst out, but their laughter didn’t last long. The monkey meditates and suddenly transformed into a very handsome young man, a lot more handsome than Indrajaya. “I’m a prince from a kingdom far away. I was cursed to be a monkey because of a mistake I committed. I could regain my true form only if there’s a girl who would be willing to be my wife,” said the young man.

Finally, Purbararang gave up. She accepted Purbasari as the queen, and also confessed everything she had done. “Please forgive me. Please don’t punish me,” Purbararang said, asking for forgiveness. Instead of being angry, Purbasari smiled. “I forgive you, sis,” she said. Soon after, Purbasari become queen. Beside her was the handsome prince, the former monkey known as Lutung Kasarung.

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Suhu dan pengukurannya

Termometer sebagai Alat Ukur Suhu
Apakah kalian bisa mengetahui suhu dalam gelas yang sudah ditaruh Air panas?.Suhu termasuk besaran pokok. Alat untuk untuk mengukur besarnya suhu suatu benda adalah termometer. Termometer yang umum digunakan adalah termometer zat cair dengan pengisi pipa kapilernya adalah raksa atau alkohol. Pertimbangan dipilihnya raksa sebagai pengisi pipa kapiler termometer adalah sebagai berikut:

• raksa tidak membasahi dinding kaca,
• raksa merupakan penghantar panas yang baik,
• kalor jenis raksa rendah akibatnya dengan perubahan panas yang kecil cukup dapat mengubah suhunya,
• jangkauan ukur raksa lebar karena titik bekunya -39 ºC dan titik didihnya 357ºC.

Pengukuran suhu yang sangat rendah biasanya menggunakan termometer alkohol. Alkohol memiliki titik beku yang sangat rendah, yaitu -114ºC. Namun demikian, termometer alkohol tidak dapat digunakan untuk mengukur suhu benda yang tinggi sebab titik didihnya hanya 78ºC. Pada pembuatan termometer terlebih dahulu ditetapkan titik tetap atas dan titik tetap bawah. Titik tetap termometer tersebut diukur pada tekanan 1 atmosfer. Di antara kedua titik tetap tersebut dibuat skala suhu. Penetapan titik tetap bawah adalah suhu ketika es melebur dan penetapan titik tetap atas adalah suhu saat air mendidih.

Berikut ini adalah penetapan titik tetap pada skala termometer.

1. Termometer Celcius. Titik tetap bawah diberi angka 0 dan titik tetap atas diberi angka 100. Diantara titik tetap bawah dan titik tetap atas dibagi 100 skala.
2. Termometer Reaumur. Titik tetap bawah diberi angka 0 dan titik tetap atas diberi angka 80. Di antara titik tetap bawah dan titik tetap atas dibagi menjadi 80 skala.
3. Termometer Fahrenheit. Titik tetap bawah diberi angka 32 dan titik tetap atas diberi angka 212. Suhu es yang dicampur dengan garam ditetapkan sebagai 0ºF. Di antara titik tetap bawah dan titik tetap atas dibagi 180 skala.
4. Termometer Kelvin. Pada termometer Kelvin, titik terbawah diberi angka nol. Titik ini disebut suhu mutlak, yaitu suhu terkecil yang dimiliki benda ketika energi total partikel benda tersebut nol. Kelvin menetapkan suhu es melebur dengan angka 273 dan suhu air mendidih dengan angka 373. Rentang titik tetap bawah dan titik tetap atas termometer Kelvin dibagi 100 skala.

Perbandingan skala antara temometer Celcius, termometer Reaumur, dan termometer Fahrenheit adalah:

C : R : F = 100 : 80 : 180
C : R : F = 5 : 4 : 9

Besaran Satuan dan Turunan

Besaran Pokok dan Besaran Turunan
Besaran Fisika dikelompokkan menjadi dua, yaitu besaran pokok dan besaran turunan. Besaran pokok adalah besaran yang sudah ditetapkan terlebih dahulu. Adapun, besaran turunan merupakan besaran yang dijabarkan dari besaran-besaran pokok. Sistem satuan besaran Fisika pada prinsipnya bersifat standar atau baku, yaitu bersifat tetap, berlaku universal, dan mudah digunakan setiap saat dengan tepat. Sistem satuan standar ditetapkan pada tahun 1960 melalui pertemuan para ilmuwan di Sevres, Paris. Sistem satuan yang digunakan dalam dunia pendidikan dan pengetahuan dinamakan sistem metrik, yang dikelompokkan menjadi sistem metrik besar atau MKS (Meter Kilogram Second) yang disebut sistem internasional atau disingkat SI dan sistem metrik kecil atau CGS (Centimeter Gram Second). Besaran pokok dan besaran turunan beserta dengan satuannya dapat dilihat dalam Tabel berikut.

Besaran Pokok

Selain tujuh besaran pokok di atas, terdapat dua besaran pokok tambahan, yaitu sudut bidang datar dengan satuan radian (rad) dan sudut ruang dengan satuan steradian (sr).

Besaran Turunan

Konversi Satuan
Di samping satuan sistem metrik, juga dikenal satuan lainnya yang sering dipakai dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, misalnya liter, inci, yard, feet, mil, ton, dan ons. Satuan-satuan tersebut dapat dikonversi atau diubah ke dalam satuan sistem metrik dengan patokan yang ditentukan. Konversi besaran panjang menggunakan acuan sebagai berikut:

• 1 mil = 1760 yard (1 yard adalah jarak pundak sampai ujung jari tangan orang dewasa).
• 1 yard = 3 feet (1 feet adalah jarak tumit sampai ujung jari kaki orang dewasa).
• 1 feet = 12 inci (1 inci adalah lebar maksimal ibu jari tangan orang dewasa).
• 1 inci = 2,54 cm
• 1 cm = 0,01 m

Ilmu Tajwid ( hukum Bacaan )

ilmu tajwid(hukum bacaan)

Wakaf:
Dari sudut bahasa berarti berhenti/menahan.
Menurut istilah tajwid, memutuskan suara di akhir kata untuk bernafas sejenak dengan niat meneruskan kembali bacaan

 jenis wakaf :

• lazim
• jaiz
• muraqabah
• mamnuu'
• sakta lathifah 

Qalqalah:
Qalqalah menurut bahasa, berarti getaran.
Menurut istilah tajwid, getaran suara terjadi ketika mengucapkan huruf yang sukun sehingga menimbulkan semacam aspirasi suara yang kuat, baik sukun asli ataupun tidak.
Huruf qalqalah ada 5, yaitu yang tergabung dalam yaitu: huruf , , , dan

Syarat qalqalah: Hurufnya harus sukun, baik sukun asli atau yang terjadi karena berhenti pada huruf qalqalah. 


Iqlab, yaitu:
Menurut bahasa, berarti merubah sesuatu dari bentuknya.
Menurut istilah tajwid, meletakkan huruf tertentu pada posisi huruf lain dengan memperhatikan ghunnah dan penuturan huruf yang disembunyikan (huruf mim).
Dinamakan iqlab karena terjadinya perubahan pengucapan nun sukun atau tanwin menjadi mim yang tersembunyi dengan disertai dengung.
Huruf iqlab hanya 1, yaitu huruf ba.

Manfaar Berpuas

Kesehatan merupakan nikmat yang tidak dapat dinilai dengan harta benda. Untuk menjaga kesehatan, tubuh perlu diberikan kesempatan untuk istirahat. Puasa, yang mensyaratkan untuk tidak makan, minum, dan melakukan perbuatan-perbuatan lain yang membatalkan puasa dari terbitnya fajar hingga terbenamnya matahari sangat bermanfaat untuk menjaga kesehatan jasmani dan rohani.
Puasa dapat mencegah penyakit yang timbul karena pola makan yang berlebihan. Makanan yang berlebihan gizi belum tentu baik untuk kesehatan seseorang. Kelebihan gizi atau overnutrisi mengakibatkan kegemukan yang dapat menimbulkan penyakit degeneratif seperti kolesterol dan trigliserida tinggi, jantung koroner, kencing manis (diabetes mellitus), dan lain-lain.
Pengaruh mekanisme puasa terhadap kesehatan jasmani meliputi berbagai aspek kesehatan, diantaranya yaitu :